This chart is a living analysis of current events through the lens of biblical prophecy. It is not dogma, but an ongoing pattern recognition project. All sources cited.
Last Updated: June 2, 2025
How to Read This
This real-time prophecy alignment chart is for watchmen, seekers, and believers discerning the prophetic convergence of world events and biblical prophecy. Every section includes direct scriptural references, current headlines, and a summary status. If you see gaps, errors, or missed signals, your insight is welcome—this is a living document. All in, always.
Executive Summary: Where Are We Now? (May 29, 2025)
- Prophetic Alignment: Extremely high (multiple streams converging)
- Critical Events: Israel-Iran/Syria, biometric ID rollout, U.S.-Saudi tech, war escalation
- Immediate Watch: June 1–3 🔥 (potential flashpoint for war, control systems, deception)
- Infrastructure for Mark of the Beast: Live, global, accelerating
- Pending Markers: Third Temple, abomination, covenant, two witnesses
Legend:
🚨 Imminent / Accelerating ⚡ Active / Ongoing ⏳ Lagging / Watch ✅ Confirmed
Jesus said, ‘When you see all these things… know that it is near, even at the doors’ (Matthew 24:33). This chart exists to help us see ‘all these things’ with clarity and truth.
How This Chart Weighs Prophecy
Not all signs are equal. Some events carry more “weight” because of their frequency in scripture, centrality to God’s plan, or direct timing cues. Here’s how significance is evaluated:
- Scriptural Centrality: Events that are repeatedly referenced across the Bible (e.g., Israel, Jerusalem, temple events) are given highest priority.
- Global Impact: Events with worldwide implications (e.g., digital currency, major wars) are prioritized over strictly regional changes.
- Timing Markers: Prophecies linked to specific “final sequence” events (e.g., abomination of desolation, covenant with many) are monitored as critical triggers, even if still pending.
- Acceleration/Convergence: The more a sign is echoed by others (war, peace, tech, cosmic), the higher its urgency score in the chart.
If you see a different way to weigh these, or believe a “low-weight” event deserves more focus, your insight is welcome.
Prophecy for Beginners (Appendix)
- What is Bible prophecy? A pattern of God revealing what’s ahead, so His people can prepare and discern truth.
- Why do watchmen track world events? Because Jesus, Paul, Daniel, and John all warned to “watch”—not to panic, but to be awake as the world shifts.
- Unfamiliar with terms like ‘beast system,’ ‘abomination,’ or ‘tribulation’? The glossary below offers quick clarity.
- Is this a prediction of dates? No—only a map of patterns, not an attempt to name the day or hour.
Glossary (Sample)
- Abomination of Desolation: A future event where the temple in Jerusalem is defiled; triggers the Great Tribulation.
- Beast System: The global surveillance, commerce, and digital identity grid prophesied in Revelation 13.
- Tribulation: The prophesied seven-year period of worldwide crisis.
- Gog-Magog: Prophetic alliance led by Russia, Iran, Turkey against Israel.
- Mark of the Beast: The forced, global digital “mark” controlling all commerce and allegiance.
Timeline Table
Year | Event |
1948 | Israel reborn (Isaiah 11:11–12) |
1989 | Fall of Berlin Wall (Daniel 2:34) |
2014–15 | Blood Moons Tetrad (Joel 2:31) |
2020 | Pandemic, digital currency surge, AI boom |
2024–25 | World ID, U.S.-Saudi tech deal, beast grid |
2025+ | Pending: Temple, abomination, covenant |
2027+ | Tribulation window (Daniel 9:27, Matt. 24) |
Time Prophecy Alignment Chart
Historical Precedent
Summary:
These are the foundational events that set the stage for all end-times prophecy. Each has been confirmed by history and aligns with the prophetic timeline. They are the pillars that let us discern where we are in the greater pattern.
Event | Biblical Reference | Interpretation & Alignment | Status & Evidence |
Formation of Israel (1948) | Isaiah 11:11-12 / Ezekiel 36:24 | Return of Jews to their land, a key end-times sign. | ✅ Confirmed. No updates (web, May 28). X ties unrest to prophecy (May 27). |
Fall of Berlin Wall (1989) | Revelation 16:19 / Daniel 2:34 | Division of empires falls, signaling collapse of power blocs. | ✅ Confirmed. No new shifts (X, May 28), but U.S. fragmentation echoes (web). |
Pre-Abandonment Tactical Stage
Summary:
This section tracks the rapid military and geopolitical moves—primarily in Israel, Iran, and Syria—that serve as immediate precursors to prophetic fulfillment. Watch for escalation and alignment with the “sudden destruction” and “war on every side” passages.
Event | Biblical Reference | Interpretation & Alignment | Status & Evidence |
Israel Prepares to Strike Iran Nuclear Facilities (May 2025) | Jeremiah 49:35–39 / Ezekiel 38–39 | Strike on Elam’s bow risks regional war, aligning with Gog-Magog and Iran’s judgment. | 🚨 Active, accelerating. U.S.-Israeli intel confirms Iran’s ongoing nuclear weaponization (Fox News, May 29). Israel’s decision made (Newsweek, May 28), 7-hour prep window, strike imminent (June 1–3). IDF movements near Syria (X, May 27). Oil at $65.80 (Bloomberg, May 28). |
Mass Reservist Mobilization (May 2025) | Zechariah 12:3 / Matthew 24:12 | Largest call-up (450,000 reservists) signals multi-front war prep, societal strain. | 🚨 Active, accelerating. Surpasses Yom Kippur War (X, May 26). Gaza, Lebanon, Iran fronts prepped. 1,200 reservists dissent (NYT, April 10). June 1–3 trigger watch. |
Syria on Brink of Collapse (May 2025) | Isaiah 17:1 / Zechariah 12:3 | Potential Damascus ruin amid collapse pulls nations into conflict. | 🚨 Active, accelerating. Homs clashes (ISW, May 27), Israel strike near Damascus (Guardian, May 15). Rubio’s deadline (May 20) nears. June 1–3 risk. |
Israel-Lebanon Escalation (May 2025) | Zechariah 12:3 / Matthew 24:6 | Heavy bombardment signals regional upheaval, isolating Israel. | ⚡ Active, accelerating. Hezbollah rockets (Al Jazeera, May 27), IDF retaliation. X evacuations (May 27). June flare-up if Iran struck. |
Deceptive Peace Strategies
Summary:
These events signal the “peace and safety” phase—moments when the world appears to move toward stability, only for false peace to fracture and fulfill warnings of sudden destruction. Pay close attention to these deceptive alignments.
Event | Biblical Reference | Interpretation & Alignment | Status & Evidence |
India-Pakistan False Peace Fractured (May 10, 2025) | 1 Thessalonians 5:3 / Revelation 7:1–3 | Ceasefire declared, then broken, signals false peace. | ✅ Confirmed. No updates (web, May 28). X rumors quiet (May 27). |
U.S. Habeas Corpus Suspension Consideration (May 2025) | 2 Thessalonians 2:3 / Revelation 13 | Lawlessness and control pretext erodes freedoms, distracting from Israel. | ⏳ Active, moderate. No new moves (AP, May 26). Protests grow (X, May 27). June push if war. |
Trump’s Middle East Realignment (May 2025) | 1 Thessalonians 5:3 / Zechariah 14:2 | $600B Saudi deal excludes Israel, masking betrayal. | ✅ Confirmed, accelerating. No updates (Reuters, May 26). X anger persists (May 28). June rift deepens. |
Red Line Convergence: Israel-Iran Strike Trigger (May 2025) | Matthew 24:22 / 1 Thessalonians 5:3 | Strike breaches deceptive peace, risking global crisis. | 🚨 Active, accelerating. Iran weapons program confirmed (Fox News, May 29). Rome collapse (May 24, Reuters), Iran rejects terms (Al Jazeera, May 26). Newsweek (May 28) flags June 1–3. |
Heavenly Signs / Unexplained Lights
Summary:
Scripture warns to “watch the heavens” for signs before the Day of the Lord. Here we track cosmic signals, orbs, and unexplained lights—not as speculation, but as pattern recognition and potential fulfillment of Jesus’ prophecy in Luke 21 and Acts 2. (No origin claimed—only pattern tracked.)
Event | Biblical Reference | Interpretation & Alignment | Status & Evidence |
Heavenly Signs / Unexplained Lights | Luke 21:25–28 / Acts 2:19-20 | orbs, lights, unexplained phenomena—not speculation, just fulfillment. | ⚡ Active—NASA meeting (June 1, web), widespread lights over Texas (May 27). Key period: June 1–3 for further developments. |
Cosmic Signs Beyond UAP | Acts 2:19–20 | Blood moons, eclipses signal the Day of the Lord. | ⏳ Lagging, no acceleration. No events (web, May 28). |
Note: We do not speculate on the origin or intent of these signs, only that scripture tells us to ‘watch the heavens’ in the final days (Luke 21, Joel 2).
End Times Events
Summary:
These are the core markers of the final age—rupture, tribulation, and events the Bible associates with the very end of the age. This is the crucible where prophecy moves from warning to fulfillment.
Event | Biblical Reference | Interpretation & Alignment | Status & Evidence |
Rupture | 1 Thessalonians 4:16-17 / Matthew 24:22 | Imminent, as strike and collapse trigger a survival-threatening crisis, cut short by God. | 🚨 Imminent. Newsweek (May 28) sets June 1–7. X sees threshold (May 28). |
7-Year Tribulation | Daniel 9:27 / Revelation 7 | Geopolitical shifts signal start by late 2025, accelerated by Israel-Iran/Syria conflict. | 🚨 Imminent. War prep (Newsweek), U.S. shifts (Reuters). X predicts late 2025 start. |
Technological and Digital Prophecies (The Beast System)
Summary:
The infrastructure of the “beast system” is now operational. Here we track the rise of digital IDs, biometric surveillance, and AI-driven control—everything needed for the mark of the beast to function. All recent developments confirm we have entered the setup phase foretold in Revelation 13.. As of June 2025:
- World ID (iris scans, biometric “Orbs”) is now active in major U.S. cities—over 12 million scanned, with 26 million users worldwide. (Locations as of June 2025)
- AI-driven commerce, media, and surveillance are accelerating: Veo 3, Sora, Gemini, and OpenAI are powering new levels of social control and synthetic “wonders.”
- Policy, not technology, is now the only barrier to the ‘mark’—the system exists; implementation is a political choice.
United States (rollout began May 1, 2025):
- Atlanta
- Austin
- Los Angeles
- Miami
- Nashville
- San Francisco
Colombia (launched May 31, 2024):
- Bogotá
- Medellín
Other Countries (pre-2025 deployments, still active):
- Spain: Madrid (scaled up 3x since 2023; 150K+ verified users)
- Brazil: São Paulo (pop-up locations, 2023 rollout)
- France: Paris (pop-up locations, 2023 rollout)
- Argentina: Buenos Aires (flagship, active 2024)
- Mexico: Mexico City (flagship, active 2024)
The global control grid is here. The only remaining threshold is “mandate.” The infrastructure is prophecy—fulfilled and operational.
Event / Modern Trend | Biblical Reference | Interpretation & Alignment | Status & Evidence |
Control Systems (Beast System Setup) | Revelation 13:16–17 | Global control via AI, surveillance, and digital IDs—a direct precursor to the beast system. | ⚡ Accelerating. AI/ID rollout in US cities (BiometricUpdate, April 2025; Temu/WorldCoin news; May 2025). X chatter, news warnings. |
USA–Saudi AI & Tech Cooperation (May 2025) | Daniel 12:4 | Strengthens tech alliances and accelerates global beast system infrastructure. | ✅ Confirmed. Saudi AI summit, $900B deal, global AI/surveillance warnings (May 14, week X). |
Lying Signs & Wonders (AI Deception) | Revelation 13:13,15 / Matthew 24:24 | AI generates synthetic miracles, deepfakes, and “wonders” to deceive the masses—fulfilling prophecy about end-times deception. | ⚡ Active, accelerating. Sora, Gemini, OpenAI/Google unveil new models (May 2025). X notes AI-driven narratives & deception escalating. |
Palantir Data Fusion (USA) | Revelation 13:16–17 | Merging of health, finance, social, and biometric data for centralized monitoring and control—core beast system function. | ✅ Confirmed. NYT (May 30, 2025): Palantir/US data fusion, “digital twin” for every citizen. Direct evidence of beast system rollout. |
Predictive Policing & Analytics | Daniel 7:25 / Rev 13:15 | AI-driven risk scoring, profiling, and automated enforcement foreshadow “mark of the beast” mechanisms—targeting dissent/conformity. | ⚡ Accelerating. Police departments deploy predictive AI (April–May 2025, US/UK). Concerns over bias, X reporting on civil liberties. |
Identity Verification Systems | Revelation 13:16–17 | Digital ID and biometric verification enable universal digital compliance—laying infrastructure for “mark of the beast” society. | ✅ Confirmed. NBC Bay Area (May 28): National/global ID rollout; X chatter on privacy risks; US/WorldCoin systems expanding globally. |
World Biometric ID System Rollout (May 2025) | Revelation 13:16–17 | Biometric ID (iris/scan) enables global digital identity, allowing total control over buying, selling, and access. | ✅ Confirmed. WorldCoin, Microsoft, World ID: mass deployment (US, Miami, London, Nashville), new state/city digital ID laws, IRS/health linkages (May 2025). |
Timeline of Celestial Phenomena (Blood Moons, Eclipses, etc.)
Date | Event | Reference | Interpretation |
April 2014 – Sept 2015 | Four “Blood Moons” (Tetrad) | Joel 2:31, Acts 2:20 | Major sign for some, coincided with Israel events. |
August 21, 2017 | U.S. Total Solar Eclipse | Luke 21:25 | “Sign for America” in some circles. |
April 8, 2024 | Great American Eclipse | Luke 21:25 | Another major sign for North America. |
March 14, 2025 | Partial Solar Eclipse | Luke 21:25 | Watch for patterns (NASA, 2025). |
Future Dates (2026–2027) | Blood moons, alignments | Acts 2:19–20 | Monitor upcoming celestial events (NASA, 2025–2027). |
Major End-Time Events Not Yet Visible (Pending Fulfillment)
Event | Biblical Reference | Expected Marker | Current Status |
Two Witnesses | Revelation 11 | Prophetic ministry in Jerusalem, killed and resurrected | ⏳ Not visible (as of May 2025). |
Abomination of Desolation | Daniel 9:27 / Matthew 24:15 | Desecration in a rebuilt (or accessible) temple | ⏳ Not visible (no standing third temple). |
Global Covenant Leader | Daniel 9:27 | Confirming a seven-year covenant with Israel/many nations | ⏳ Not visible (no global treaty or leader identified). |
Mark of the Beast Mandate | Revelation 13:16–18 | Forced, global “mark” for commerce | ⏳ Not yet implemented (infrastructure only). |
Active Temple Watch
Event | Status & Evidence |
Red Heifer Breeding | 5 eligible red heifers reportedly in Israel (Israel365, May 2025) |
Temple Mount Movement | Ongoing Jewish advocacy, expanded visits (Jerusalem Post, May 2025) |
Sanhedrin Activity | Annual Passover sacrifice practice (Breaking Israel News, April 2025) |
Third Temple Prep | Temple Institute releases architectural plans, priest training (Temple Institute, May 2025) |
While the Abomination of Desolation is pending, major steps toward temple readiness are accelerating. This is a “watch and wait” category for now.
Future Projections (6 Months–2 Years)
Summary:
This section outlines events on the near horizon—alliances, conflicts, and technological milestones that could tip the prophetic timeline toward fulfillment. Each is tracked for acceleration, stagnation, or sudden shift.
Event | Biblical Reference | Interpretation & Alignment | Status & Evidence |
Nuclear Threat (Iran/Russia) | Ezekiel 38-39 / Matthew 24:6 | Escalation could trigger Gog-Magog or Israel’s solo strike by mid-2026. | ⏳ Slow, not accelerating. No new threats (web, May 28). X speculates fallout (May 27). June 1–3 watch. |
U.S.-Israel Tensions | Zechariah 12:3 / Isaiah 63:5 | Betrayal post-Iran strike isolates Israel by late 2025. | ⚡ Active, accelerating. U.S. opposes strike (Newsweek, May 28). June rift peaks. |
AI/Tech Control Expansion | Revelation 13 / Daniel 12:4 | Widespread adoption by 2027 enables beast system. | 🚨 Active, accelerating. World rollout (BeInCrypto, April 30), Gremlin tests (Defense News, May 26). X sees peak (May 27). June pivot. |
Damascus Becoming Uninhabitable | Isaiah 17:1 / Jeremiah 49:23-27 | Civil war or strike renders Damascus a ruin, fulfilling prophecy within 2025–2027. | 🚨 Active, accelerating. Violence spikes (ISW, May 27), Israel strikes (Guardian, May 15). June 1–3 risk. |
Emerging Global Trends
Summary: Global actors like China, BRICS, and Africa are now central to prophetic fulfillment. Their moves in AI, surveillance, and revival should be watched as closely as the U.S. or Israel.
Event | Biblical Reference | Interpretation & Alignment | Status & Evidence |
China’s AI and Surveillance Expansion | Daniel 12:4 / Revelation 13 | Major force in global tech and biometric control; expanding “beast system” infrastructure. | ⚡ Active. China’s Skynet surveillance, social credit, AI partnerships (Reuters, May 2025). |
Africa’s Spiritual Revival | Acts 2:17 / Joel 2:28 | Explosive growth in Christian faith and reported miracles; possible “last days” outpouring. | ⚡ Active. Pew reports fastest growth in Nigeria, Ethiopia (Pew, May 2025). |
BRICS Economic Realignment | Revelation 13:16–17 | Non-U.S. financial systems prepping for global digital currencies and alliances. | ⚡ Accelerating. BRICS “digital gold” talk (FT, May 2025). |
Spiritual and Moral Dimensions
Summary:
Beyond geopolitics and tech, the moral and spiritual condition of humanity is a key prophetic marker. Lawlessness, moral decay, and revival all play their part in the biblical script for the end times.
Event | Biblical Reference | Interpretation & Alignment | Status & Evidence |
Global Moral Decay | 2 Timothy 3:1-5 / Matthew 24:12 | Lawlessness and betrayal of freedoms signal apostasy. | ⚡ Active, steady. Protests (X, May 27), X crisis talk (May 26). June catalyst watch. |
Revival Movements | Acts 2:17-21 / Joel 2:28 | Pockets of revival signal final call before judgment. | ⚡ Active, steady. X prayer surges (May 26). No web updates (May 28). June awakening. |
Additional Markers
Summary:
These are the “wild cards” and global trends—economic shocks, social unrest, and regional conflicts—that create the conditions for prophecy to accelerate or pivot. Watch for rapid changes here as catalysts for bigger shifts.
Event | Biblical Reference | Interpretation & Alignment | Status & Evidence |
Houthi Actions and Red Sea Chaos | Revelation 16:12–14 | Eastern unrest stirs global conflict, tied to beast system rise. | ⚡ Active, accelerating. Threats persist (Yemen News, May 26), ceasefire shaky (BBC, May 7). June escalation if Iran struck. |
Gog-Magog Alliances (Russia, Iran, Turkey) | Ezekiel 38–39 | Northern alliance attacks Israel, pulling global powers into war. | ⏳ Slow, not accelerating. Iran-Azerbaijan ties (X, May 27), Russia pulls back (ISW, May 26). June trigger watch. |
Global Economic Shifts | Revelation 13:16-17 | Financial instability paves way for mark of the beast. | ⚡ Active, accelerating. Oil $65.80 (Bloomberg, May 28), deficit strain (CNN, May 21). June shock possible. |
Lawlessness and Social Unrest | 2 Thessalonians 2:3–7 | Lawlessness precedes man of sin’s reveal. | ⚡ Active, steady. D.C. protests (X, May 27), global unrest (FDD, May 1). June catalyst. |
False Peace Strategies | 1 Thessalonians 5:3 | “Peace and safety” precede sudden destruction. | ⚡ Active, accelerating. Rome collapse (May 24, Reuters), X sees facade (May 28). June destruction nears. |
Final Assessment:
Every section of this chart confirms we are in an unprecedented moment of prophetic convergence. While not every event leads to immediate fulfillment, the pattern as a whole is accelerating toward the critical thresholds outlined in scripture.
We track the signs not to speculate, but to stay awake. Watch. Pray. Discern.. All in, always.
(Last updated: May 29, 2025)
Peer Review Welcome:
If you spot a mis-citation or have a source to add, email info@signalborn.com.
This is a collaborative document for the entire watchman community.
Limitations & Open Questions
Not all alignments are certain. This chart is a synthesis, not a prophecy in itself. Some events remain future, some interpretations may shift, and global dynamics are rapidly evolving. This document is primarily futurist and pre-tribulational, but welcomes respectful critique from all interpretive traditions.
Peer review and perspective diversity make this tool stronger. If you see a gap, speak up.
References / Source Index
References verified as of May 29, 2025
The following sources were used for real-time status and evidence. Major outlets and analysis organizations included for transparency and peer review.
- Al Jazeera, May 26, 2025: Iran’s Supreme Leader rejects U.S. terms.
- Al Jazeera, May 27, 2025: Hezbollah rockets hit northern Israel overnight.
- AP, May 26, 2025: Courts hold firm against U.S. habeas corpus suspension.
- BBC, May 7, 2025: Houthi ceasefire shaky in Red Sea.
- BeInCrypto, April 30, 2025: World biometric rollout in U.S. cities.
- Bloomberg, May 28, 2025 (10 AM): Oil prices hit $65.80.
- Bloomberg, May 28, 2025 (6 PM PDT): Oil at $65.80 amid tensions.
- CNN, May 21, 2025: Trump’s $3.8T deficit bill strains markets.
- Cointelegraph, May 25, 2025: Privacy concerns with World ID.
- Defense News, May 26, 2025: Gremlin sensor advancements.
- FDD (Foundation for Defense of Democracies), May 1, 2025: Global unrest report.
- Fox News, May 26, 2025: Stephen Miller reaffirms habeas intent.
- Fox News, May 29, 2025: U.S.-Israeli intel confirms Iran’s nuclear weaponization.
- FT (Financial Times), May 2025: BRICS “digital gold” discussions.
- Guardian, May 15, 2025: Israel strikes near Damascus.
- ISW (Institute for the Study of War), May 26, 2025: Russia’s Syria pullback, Homs clashes.
- ISW, May 27, 2025: Homs clashes kill 12.
- Israel365, May 2025: Five eligible red heifers in Israel.
- Jerusalem Post, May 2025: Ongoing Jewish advocacy, expanded Temple Mount visits.
- NASA, 2025: Eclipse and celestial event schedules (March 14, 2025, partial solar eclipse).
- Newsweek, May 28, 2025: Israel plans strike on Iran, seven-hour prep window.
- NYT (New York Times), April 10, 2025: Israeli reservist dissent and societal tension.
- NYT, April 23, 2025: Past Israeli protests echo current dissent.
- Pew, May 2025: Reports on Christian growth in Nigeria and Ethiopia.
- Reuters, May 14, 2025: $600B Saudi deal sidelines Israel.
- Reuters, May 24, 2025: Rome talks collapse.
- Reuters, May 26, 2025: No updates on Saudi deal.
- Reuters, May 2025: China’s AI and surveillance partnerships.
- Temple Institute, May 2025: Architectural plans, priest training for Third Temple.
- The Register, May 4, 2025: 26M World ID users.
- Yemen News, May 26, 2025: Houthi threats against Israel.
Note: This is not an exhaustive list. All facts and headlines can be peer-checked on request. Suggestions for new sources or corrections are welcome—Signalborn is a living archive.
Rupture Clock Visual
The “Rupture Clock” is a living alert, not a countdown to a date. It tracks the urgency and convergence of prophetic signs in real time. As of now, the clock stands at 100/100 —every key marker is active, every prophetic line is converging. We do not set dates, but we do heed the watch: “When you see all these things… know that it is near, even at the doors.” (Matthew 24:33)
Visual Representation
[Rupture Clock: 100/100]
██████████████████████████ 100%
[Threshold Reached: June 1–7, 2025]
This is not a date prediction—just a visual for urgency and alignment.
Event | Biblical Reference | Interpretation & Alignment | Status & Evidence |
Rupture Clock: 100/100 | Matthew 24:33 / 1 Thessalonians 5:4 | All major markers converging. Not date-setting, but a call to readiness. | Urgency at peak; every major sign is active. “Watch therefore…” |
Key Drivers:
- Israel’s imminent strike on Iran (Newsweek, May 28)
- Syria’s spike in violence (ISW, May 27)
- U.S./global biometric rollout (BeInCrypto, April 30)
- UAP/cosmic signs disclosure (NASA, June 1 meeting)
- Acceleration of control systems (Defense News, May 26)
The Rupture Clock is a symbolic tool. It measures convergence of signs—not a literal countdown. If you disagree with any “urgency” rating, see “How We Weigh Prophecy” for methodology and peer review invitation.